A. ADVERB
(Kata Keterangan)
Secara sekilas fungsi adverb sama dengan
adjevtive yaitu memberikan informasitentang kata-kata lainnya. Jika adjective
menerngkan noun (kata benda), maka adverb memodifikasi verb (kata kerja),
adjective (kata sifat) atau adverb (kata keterangan) lainnya.
A. He drove stupidly She
screamed loudly
Pada contoh A, adverb (stupidly dan loudly)
memodifikasi drove dan screamed.
B. Remarkably
careless Highly intelligent
Pada contoh B, adverb (remarkably dan Highly)
memodifikassi careless dan intelligent.
C. Very
well Quite
quickly
Pada contoh C, adverb (very dan Quite)
memodifikasi well dan quickly.
Ada tujuh jenis adverb :
1.
Adverbs of Manner (keterangan cara)
Kata keterangan ini memberikan informasi
tentang bagaimana kata kerja dijalankan/ dilakukan.
Contoh :
He ate his food rapidly
Gingerly
she stepped into the pool
They greeted the news joyously
Sebagian besar kata keterangan cara memang
diakhiridengan –ly. Kecuali fast dan
well.
2.
Adverbs of Place (keterangan tempat)
Kata keterangan ini memberikan informasi
tentang dimana kata kerja dilakukan.
Contoh :
He visited Amsterdam and had a wonderful
time there.
come hither
You cannot smoke here ; the smoking area is
nearby
3.
Adverbs of Time (keterangan waktu)
Kata keterangan ini memberikan informasi
tentang kapan kata kerja dilakukan.
Contoh :
It poured with rain yesterday
I often eat sweets and I want one now
4.
Adverbs of Degree, Quantity or Extent (keterangan tingkat dan kuantitas)
Kata keterangan ini berhubungan dengan
jumlah atau proporsi. Biasanya berupa jawaban dari pertanyaan : ‘howmuch?’.
Contoh :
You’ve nearly finished it
He’s said enough
5.
Adverbs of Number (keterangan jumlah)
Kata keterangan ini bukan bagian dari kata
keterangan waktu dan tingkat. Tetapi mengacu pada jumlah yang pasti.
Contoh :
-
The postman
always rings twice
-
He increased
his saving fourfold
6.
Relative Adverbs
Kata keterangan ini menghubungkan dua
clausa, sama seperti relative pronoun dan relative adjectives.
Contoh :
He found out where the party was
November is a time when everyone feels
lethargic
7.
Interrogative Adverbs
Sama halnya dengan pronoun dan adjective,
kata keterangan ini menggunakan pertanyaan langsung:
Where is my drink?
Why are we waiting?
Tiga bentuk adverb (kata keterangan)
1. Sama halnya dengan adjective, adverb
juga mempunyai tiga bentuk. Tetapi membuat bentuk comparative dan superlative
pada adverbs lebih mudah daripada adjectives.
Simple comparative
superlative
2. Sebagian besar adverb termasuk yang
berakhiran –ly mengikuti bentuk ini.
Quickly more
quickly most
quickly
Rarely more
rarely most
rarely
3. Sebagian juga adjective, tetapi jika
satu suku kata adverbs menggunakan bentuk akhiran seperti berikut :
Soon sooner soonest
Fast faster fastest
Ada dua dalam bentuk Irregular :
Well better best
Badly worse worst
Soal
dan Jawaban
1. .....running, grizzly bears are capable of
attaining a speed of 35 miles an hour.
a. so
that
b. when
they are
c. so
d. though
Jawaban : B
2. Lucy can’t attend the meeting.....she finds a
baby-sitter.
a. unless
b. even
if
c. only
if
d. if
Jawaban : A
3. .....ploughing the field, the farmer uncovered
a dinosaur bone.
a. as
though
b. while
c. until
d. since.
Jawaban : B
B.
CONJUNCTION (Kata Penghubung)
Junction
berarti ‘bergabung’. Con merupakanbahasalatinuntuk with. Jadi conjunction
adalah kata-kata yngbergabungdengan kata, frasa, atauclausadengan kata, frasa,
atauclausadenganlainnya.
1. Whisky and water
(kata
dengan kata)
2. Ahaken but not stirred
(kata
dengan frasa)
3. Do you want the cassette tape or the compact
disk?
(frasa
dengan frasa)
4. Do it, and as soon as possible
(clausa
dengan frasa)
5. I can’t go to the concert because I’m broke
(clausa
dengan clausa)
Jenis-jenis
conjunction (kata penghubung)
1. Time (waktu)
When,
before, after, while, since, till, until, as, as soon as
Contoh
:
When
I’ve finished thid essay, I shall go out
I
can’t comment until I’ve seen the report
2. Place ( tempat)
Where,
wherever
Contoh
:
Wherever
you see flowers you’ll find insect too
3. Degree or comparation
(tingkat atau perbandingan)
as,
then
contoh
:
he
is taller than his brother was at his age
4. Cause (sebab)
Because,
for, since, as
Contoh
:
I
dislike him because he is arrogant
5. Purpose (tujuan)
That,
so, in order that ; lest (negative)
Contoh
:
She
took an umbrella lest it rained
6. Result (hasil)
So….
That
Contoh
:
He
took long to get ready that he fell asleep
Many
programmes are so awful that it’s not worth turning on the set
7. Condition
(syarat)
If,
whether…or, in case, so long as, provided ; unless (negative)
Contoh
:
Cat
might fly if they had wings
I
won’t go unless you do too
8. Concession
(koreksi)
Although,
though, even if, whatever
Contoh
:
Don’t
look down whatever you do
9. Manner (cara)
as,
as if, as though
Contoh
:
He
behved as if he were guilty
Soal dan Jawaban :
1. The more you prepare yourself for the test,
… stress you may feel.
a. So
b. The
less
Jawaban : B
2. Neither Andi … his friends ate
lunch here yesterday.
a. nor
b. or
Jawaban : A
3. It wasn’t my will, … yours.
a. but
also
b. but
Jawaban : B
4. …
you gave him 100 great reasons to never give up, he wouldn’t listen.
a. as
b. even
though
Jawaban : B
5. The
used car is very cheap; … , I want to buy it.
a. however
b. therefore
Jawaban : B
Sumber : Hawary,
Gaza.2009.Panduan Lengkap TOEFL.Venus:Yogyakarta.
